Thus, as women in South Africa perform these jobs more often than men it can be said that inequality exists in terms of gender. This stage almost always involves the care giver coming into contact with the object of care. 16 students ordered this very topic and got original papers. The history of South Africa during apartheid years has also contributed to the disproportional inequality between men and women and is another reason why women took on the role of main caregiver. 0000005171 00000 n Not only does it conclude that South Africa … South Africa has a constitution in which the Bill of Rights entrenches non-sexism and non-racism. There are several reasons that cause income inequality problem which are racism, poverty problems, and education. Often thought to be a legacy of the apartheid system, inequality in South Africa has stubbornly persisted. (Urdang) These gender concepts influence the amount of power certain genders are perceived as having which leads to inequality. On the other hand, feminism is a term used to describe traits that are often attributed to female individuals such as emotional, nurturing, caring, weak and protective. The largest cause of income inequality in South Africa lies within the workplace. In this essay I shall show the ways in which care, and gender intersect in order to illustrate some of the causes of inequality in South Africa. Just like South Africa, unemployment is a major issue, thus more than 26% of Many of South Africa 's social inequalities are the results of a poor or lack of service delivery from the country 's state. 0000151566 00000 n trailer << /Size 302 /Info 281 0 R /Root 287 0 R /Prev 724098 /ID[<40d28681ac9900866002c10756e3121c>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 287 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 282 0 R /Names 288 0 R /Metadata 285 0 R >> endobj 288 0 obj << /Dests 280 0 R >> endobj 300 0 obj << /S 1558 /E 1799 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 301 0 R >> stream These include a lack of skill amongst South African, poor quality and lack of education as well as the impact of HIV/AIDS. Societies attitude sees women as being better suited to caring and until the attitudes change women will always be disproportionality represented in the practise of care and inequality will remain. 0000000671 00000 n 0000003593 00000 n These social norms where inequality is prevalent are reinforced by parents, family members and the greater society in which the person lives, works and interacts thus creating an endless cycle of inequality. The circumstances that exacerbate South Africa’s inequality are both historical and a result of years of policy uncertainty, making it harder for … H�b```"�]� �����ha �-] ��%��z�|s�Cq�Z7�ύ�7��bQ:Pe���P�>�`û ��g5�Nfa�t������ 0000003978 00000 n Get your own essay from professional writers. DfID – Inequality in Middle Income Countries: South Africa Case 3 in Woolard, 2002). Show the intercept between gender and care in South Africa. This creates a large inequality in the education levels between genders thus meaning that girls either have a lower degree of education than their male peers, or they have no education at all. for example, in South Africa where white nationals constitute around 5% of the population and own over 80% of the land. Tronto defines care as “a species activity that includes everything that we do to maintain, continue and repair our ‘world’ so that we can live in it as much as possible”. 0000001761 00000 n Social mobility and equal opportunity remain alien concepts for far too many people in the region. Masculinity is a term used to describe traits that are usually linked to male individuals such as powerful, emotionless, strong and dependable. It means to treat someone basis on a person's sex. Bhorat (2003a) estimates that in 1999, 32% of households in South Africa were below a poverty line of US$251 per month per household (1995 prices), equivalent to US$81 per month per individual. Any activity which is undertaken for the sole or partial purpose of maintaining, continuing or repairing the world is a practise of care (Tronto page 18-119). (Gouw, 2014:103) This means that women are viewed as lesser at least in terms of authority. Defining femininity, masculinity, male and female is reliant on societies interpretation of each concept, the definitions are always going to be subjective and dependent on many factors which may in turn lead to inequality. 0000000804 00000 n In South African society, when a member of a household becomes seriously ill, it is the female members who are tasked with the care for this individual. This example has been uploaded by a student. Therefore, even if all those currently unemployed earn the current incomes of low-skilled workers, overall income inequality in South Africa will fall only modestly and will still be very high by global standards. It expresses and reflects in various aspects of our lives. Ë �r�sTs�2�{�d�Q�(� {���C� ����,-�5�� '�|�@�>>�G�~��2̾ ��T�`�����́��E��w�C�쨇�k��m]��ȺN ���ㆰ@}#�ڸ�+J�k��#Y�S2N3����kma�{�7 ʓL�Tz�6\�Գv�Z�!�q�:��U%���9o��[)$�ֳ�f�m�U��\J��M���Ị{}�g��s@�9�]-,���`2I�lu�*���%'o�� R��U�0wգW�TY�_1�c�W��!�v|Ё0zz��t��4�ɡS���[t��I�s��F����v�0��=0k�X`F���I��g{C���E#B"ŷy0k'7���3y�M�$��We#����(. The Discrimination Of Gender And Gender Equality In South Africa South Africa’s past of injustice caused a large divide economically affecting mostly women, people of colour and disabled people. (Daniels, 2019) Thereby gender is constructed by societies interpretation of a person’s gender. I shall do this by firstly defining gender and two terms that are closely related to it. It recognises primarily that human rights are inalienable and that they apply to all human beings. The final stage is ‘care receiving’ which includes the response of the object of care to the care it received. A history of apartheid has exacerbated income inequality over the decades, with Africans, Asians and other non-whites restricted to low-quality education and health care with few opportunities for employment. It is important to note that this definition of care does not include activities done in pursuit of pleasure, creativity and those linked to production and or destruction. The second section explores persistent inequalities in income from economic activity, while the third assesses the impact of state efforts to redress them. 0000002652 00000 n Thirdly I shall elaborate on the ways in which care is done/practiced. This inequality manifests in the extremely poor results produced by – mostly dysfunctional – … The causes of poverty in South Africa are numerous and complicated. Regardless of the purpose or presentation, sports have [...]. But you can one from professional essay writers. Sports also provide professional opportunities for athletes and coaches at the highest level of performance. Despite 25 years of democracy, South Africa remains the most economically unequal country in the world, according to the World Bank. The delegation of the tasks that the care-givers performed were also influenced by gender with the women caregivers, whether primary or secondary, performing the domestic chores while the men provided monetary support for the household. This freedom gives incoming students the opportunity to define who they are as a person, and often times the organizations students first join play a vital role in shaping who they are for years to come. Corruption and illicit financial flows. %PDF-1.4 %���� It is important to note that there are times at which the values of masculinity are harmful to men. We can create an original paper just for you! "South Africa is really facing the triple challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality," says the former head of the African Union, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, about the report. Providing private care-giving leaves these relatives with little time and an additional burden to carry alongside their everyday tasks. Available jobs for people of colour was limited to certain functions with women mainly finding work as a domestic worker. This disadvantages women in that when they reach an age where they go out and find work, men are in a better position to find higher paying and less menial tasks than women, thus making women often reliant on marriage and partnerships for support. Introduction Gender discrimination is a common problem around the world. This cycle of reliance continues if the situation repeats itself. Historically, sports have been used as a display for the public, for both entertainment and social purposes. Brazil has the sixth largest economy in the world, however there is a major economic inequality. This applied to both the heteronormative and non-heteronormative participants, except for the category of secondary care-giver for which the non-heteronormative participants had equal numbers of female and male care-givers. Quite often caring roles are assigned based on the socially constructed concepts of gender which a society has constructed. Of the 19 most unequal countries in the world, 10 are in Africa, according to the UNDP’s Income Inequality Trends in … Furthermore, of the 12 care recipients assessed, the primary care-givers in 10 of the cases were female family members. Unsaid by many is the fact that the cause of the Social Inequality is the fact it has maintained the White population in South Africa. I looked at authoritative publications on gender [...], Sports are both one of the most idolized and contested activities in our society today. Tronto process includes 4 subcomponents or stages to care, which follow each other sequentially, these components are as follows; The first stage is ‘caring about’ and consists of the realisation that care is required (i.e. Available jobs for people of colour was limited to certain functions with women mainly finding work as a domestic worker. i. The courts in the interest of the children often award the women custody and require the men to provide economically. The constitution aims to recognise and heal the injustices of the past. The historical perception that women are more nurturing and emotionally in tuned than men is used as a reason why women disproportionally undertake the largest tasks of caring in South Africa. Trends and causes of wage inequality 49 D. Wealth inequality is very high, even higher than income inequality 51 E. Low intergenerational mobility is an obstacle South Africa, with the population of 54,841,552 people, is located at the bottom tip of the continent of Africa. This is not in all surprising as for most of the past century the majority of Extent of inequality of opportunity 45 ii. (Gouw, 2014:113), In reference to the four aspects of the caring process, the gendering of care in patriarchal society implies that men would fit into the “care about” category while women would tend to fall into the “care for” category. South Africa is the country with one of the highest inequality rates in the world. We have experts for any subject. This supports our argument that gender intersects with caring and results in inequality between men and women in South Africa. To answer that question, this chapter first reviews measures of income inequality in South Africa overall and then by race, gender and location. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. When graduates reflect on their college years [...], Gender inequality does not just vary between cultures, but also in their extent or degree. Orders:20 South Africans understand that the enjoyment of human rights is the most basic requirement and standard for the enjoyment of all human life. In the United States, for example, gender inequality often takes the form of an unequal division of homework and childcare in family roles. Using the same poverty line, the poverty gap3 was 13%. South Africa has most inequality out of 149 countries. Human Opportunity Index in South Africa 46 C. Wage inequality is very high and is compounded by heavy polarization between two extremes 49 i. In the United States gender inequality and discrimination on the basis of sex are commonly demonstrated, accepted and even justified. 0000089303 00000 n Viewing care as both a practice and disposition rather than as just a disposition widens caring beyond an emotionally driven attitude of a care giver. Thus, for the purpose of this essay care is defined as being both an emotion and an activity. PDF | On Jan 1, 2003, Stephen Gelb published Inequality in South Africa: Nature, causes and responses | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate This implies that men are more likely to have a less active role in the caring for a society or household only providing money or the necessities for survival. It was found that the women in the study did most of the “caring for”, which is embodied by the physical and emotional needs of the care recipients. (Tronto, 1993:115), A study was conducted by Gouw and Zyl that provides evidence of the above situation. There is Inequality in Southern Africa: OptiOns fOr redress Policy Brief Didn't find the paper that you were looking for? While gender equality is essential for the achievement of human rights for all, generation Z's [...], Abstract Attending college is supposed to be a time of newfound freedom. It is estimated that 11.4% of South Africa‟s population was HIV positive in … 16 students ordered this very topic and got original papers. Discrimination, Employment Discrimination, Employment, Family, Gender, Gender Inequality, Sexism, A Greek Life and Legal Implications Study, Functionalist Perspective of Gender Inequality, Gender Inequality Throughout Genders of Society. Leafy suburbs like Sandton boast world-class institutions with top-of-art facilities, whilst neighbouring Alexandra township schools are often victims of violence, poor infrastructure and a lack of resources. In South Africa, there are three major issues: HIV/AIDS, lack of education, and income inequality, which can be solved by strengthening the social safety net by investing workforce development programs and self-employment. Social inequality has been a major issue in south Africa, both during the times of apartheid and post apartheid. 0000001783 00000 n Therefore, the concentration of poverty lies predominantly with black Africans, women, rural areas and black youth. Additionally, the responsibility for care often includes the young girls of the family whose education suffers as they are required to take time off from school to help, often not returning to the classroom. (Gouw, 2014:103) This can be supported by data from a study by Akintola which found that care work was mostly done by women with only one of the 21 caregivers sampled being male. Inequality in South Africa continues to be a major issue as the country moves to distance itself from its apartheid- era exclusionary style. Gender discrimination in jobs is unacceptable and unreasonable because is based on the kind of sex not on work performance and qualifications. (Gouw, 2014:109) An interesting finding is that although the care-givers tasks were influenced by their gender the gender of those receiving the care did not play a role in the type of care received. And in this, South Africa is not unusual among African nations. The root causes of South Africa’s severe inequality can be traced back to the establishment of Cape Town, a Dutch shipping port in the 1650s. There are a few causes for this unemployment rate that is a leading cause in South Africa’s poverty issue. inequality within developing economies and a focus on inequality is an interesting and useful prism through which to view the contemporary case for investment in human capital in general and in South Africa specifically. 0000002387 00000 n However, the research is a rather heavy read. In South Africa caring jobs such as nursing and teaching are undervalued and underpaid. The second stage is called ‘taking care of’ which is the acceptance of responsibility for and decision on how to act regarding said need. Another country with a similar issue as South Africa is Brazil. Poverty and inequality in South Africa have racial, gender, spatial and age dimensions. The long-term affect is that this often leaves women reliant on their partners for income placing the male partner in a position of power as he controls the finances. (Gouw, 2014:102), An additional study by Gouw and Zyl found that the majority in care-giving positions in all four of the study’s categories were females. This process and definition allow for a deeper understanding of what care is and what care is not. recognising a need for care). South Africa is the most unequal in income of the world according to the Gini index and the Palma ratio (Barr, 2017). South Africa’s policy documents 5.1 Document analysis overview 5.2 Poverty, inequality and social exclusion in laws, policies and strategies in South Africa: a summary of the findings 5.3 Poverty 5.4 Inequality 5.5 Social exclusion 5.6 Social exclusion – Gender 5.7 Social exclusion – Race 5.8 Social exclusion – Disability South African Society can be said to be subconsciously heteropatriarchal meaning that straight males are generally viewed as being at the top of the food chain, or in power. Secondly, I shall define care and show how it can be a process. 286 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 289 /H [ 804 979 ] /L 729948 /E 345005 /N 66 /T 724109 >> endobj xref 286 16 0000000016 00000 n The fact that men are not seen as being caring or primary care givers also counts against them when faced with custody battles of their children. Unlike most writers Tronto decided to look at care as a process rather than something static and amorphous. Next, I will show how gender and care can intersect and finally how this interception can be used to explain the inequalities in South Africa. If anything, the "Rainbow Nation" is … If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service. What Causes Gender Inequality by Robert Max Jackson Poverty reduction and social development of Women in Africa by Better Policies for Better Lives This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. Currently, a slightly progressive tax … The functionalist approach regards society as a complex system, in the shape of which solidarity and stability [...], Abstract Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment or perception of the individual on the basis of sex. (Gouw, 2014: 118). Researchers found that one of the most prominent factors behind poverty is racial inequality in South Africa. Research by the Global Financial Integrity (GFI) revealed that … The causes of rising inequality in Africa are a matter for debate. The social constrains constructed by society to define gender mean that, not only are individuals encouraged to act in a certain way determined by the interpretation of their gender, but additionally an individual’s view of themselves may be altered over time. Inequality in Brazil Is There a Solution? Fiscal policy has been used effectively to reduce inequality. The South African education system, characterised by crumbling infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and relatively poor educational outcomes, is perpetuating inequality and as a result failing too many of its children, with the poor hardest hit according to a new report published by Amnesty International today. While these gender, income and regional learning gaps exist in most sub-Saharan African countries, they are most salient in South Africa, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Botswana. Despite a rising GDP, indices for poverty, unemployment, income inequality, life expectancy, land ownership, have declined due to the increase in population; with the end of the apartheid system in South Africa leaving the country socio-economically stratified by race. In some countries, companies don't accept women when they apply for a job [...], Throughout history women have experienced equality changes in various ways some past societies had women who were warriors, influential religious leaders, and political leaders while other times, organizations had placed strict expectations on women portraying them as inferior to men. While the males in the study “cared about” them by suppling the recipient of care with food and money but were not physically involved. The history of South Africa during apartheid years has also contributed to the disproportional inequality between men and women and is another reason why women took on the role of main caregiver. This cemented the women’s role as care giver and making them reliant on the men financially. 0000003792 00000 n 0000004237 00000 n An Inequality Trends report, the first of its kind, launched on November 14 2019 by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) and the South African … In family contexts it can be presumed by following heteropatriarchal and gender stereotypes that woman play the role of primary caregivers. The largest caring tasks in South Africa include, tending children, tending the infirm and the aged and everyday domestic tasks for the family. The third stage is ‘care giving’ which involves action. Our editors will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+! Presumptuous as it may be, the history of the world dictates that true economic empowerment for any bottom strata group has led to flight of the previously dominating group. This means that the female relative would need to take time off from work to take care of the recipient, which in turn means that the care-giver is not earning money during this time causing an economic loss or inequality. Gender (as opposed to sex) “Refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between males and females”. The men on the other hand could work on mines which paid better but this meant that they were away from home for long periods of time leaving their wives and women folk to take care of the household. For example, in South Africa if a man contracts HIV or any other serious illness they are less likely to go to the doctor as this would be admitting to their own weakness which is frowned upon by societal norms. The World Bank recently released a 147-page report extensively detailing the root causes of economic struggle in South Africa. 0000000763 00000 n These categories were; the primary care-giver; the secondary care-giver; the community care-giver and the health professional. ���:t����h��څ} 0000002064 00000 n But as Branko Milanovic shows in his excellent book Global Inequality – as in the West, so in Africa, the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few is a long-run global trend. The concepts of feminism and masculinity and the roles and responsibilities attached to each are created by the social interpretation of gender of both females and males respectively. South Africa has the highest rate of measured inequality in the world.
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